Many German castles along the Rhine River were built on the mountainsides of the river valley. Edinburgh and Stirling castles in Scotland, for example, stand on high rock outcroppings. Some castles were built high up on bedrock and didn't need them. The existence of a moat was dictated by the terrain - not all castles had moats. Many moats were also dump sites for garbage and sewage. It usually had a drawbridge across it that was drawn up when the castle was under attack. The moat could be filled with water or dry (a dry moat could have been lined with wooden spikes). The moat - a large ditch or trench surrounding the outer castle wall - was a castle's first line of defense.
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